[79] Initially, the Americans had planned to try fourteen organizations and their leaders, but this was narrowed to six: the Reich Cabinet, the Leadership Corps of the Nazi Party, the Gestapo, the SA, the SS and the SD, and the General Staff and High Command of the Wehrmacht. [8][9] On 1 November 1943, the Soviet Union, United Kingdom, and United States issued the Moscow Declaration to "give full warning" to the Nazi leadership of the Allies' intent to "pursue them to the uttermost ends of the earthin order that justice may be done". Also represented were some leaders of the German economy, such as Gustav Krupp (of the conglomerate Krupp AG) and former Reichsbank president Hjalmar Schacht. On the night he was to be hanged, Streicher gave Prestianni a signed, handwritten note after supper. She was released after four years and eventually committed suicide in a Bavarian prison. Three of the defendants were acquitted. Like the Nazis, he was afraid (rightly) that his "God" would kill him if he refused. Afterwards, during the Berlin Blockade, they took part in securing Allied facilities involved in the Berlin Airlift and later also were guarding USA Army headquarters. All the prisoners smoked pipes, and they all tried to wheedle cigarettes from us.. During his service in Korea, Prestianni was wounded twice and decorated for valor numerous times. On 1 October 1946, 12 death sentences were passed down by the judges of the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg on some of the most high-ranking and influential members of Nazi Germany. Later. Convicted and hanged, Rosenbergs ideology led to an appointment as minister of the occupied eastern territories in 1941. Through these openings, aluminum food trays could be placed within reach of the prisoners. They were told they would be part of history. But the Nuremberg Trials showed contempt for the only-obeying-orders position, and we hold it in contempt too.". He was another of Prestiannis favorite checker-playing opponents. The authority of the International Military Tribunal to conduct these trials stemmed from the London Agreement of August 8, 1945. At least 30,000 women died here. On November 20, 1945, several months after the end of World War II, a series of military tribunals began in the German city of Nuremberg. [194] Luftwaffe general Erhard Milch was tried for using slave labor and deporting civilians. 56 high-ranking SS and other police officers, including 24 leaders of the Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing units) and key officials in Heinrich Himmler's . He remained bombastic and arrogant right up to the end, all the while looking upon the other prisoners as inferior beings., Ribbentrop, another of Prestiannis checker opponents, was vainglorious, almost constantly given to pompous bragging and considered stupid by the other prisoners. Somewhat regularly, cellblock guards also pulled duty patrolling the parapet-style walls 50 feet above the cellblock and the courtyard, where observation of strolling prisoners below could be maintained. During watch on one bitter cold night, Prestianni contracted pneumonia and collapsed, unconscious. [87][149] United States admiral Chester Nimitz testified that the United States had used the same methods of submarine warfare that the German admirals were accused of; Dnitz's counsel successfully argued that this meant that such actions could not be crimes. I had no idea of the magnitude of what they had done. Jobs People Learning . [6][7] Trainin's ideas were reprinted in the West and widely adopted. Still others displayed docile and taciturn mannerisms and personalities. An avid reader, he availed himself of a well-stocked library with a steady supply of books. Front row, from left to right: Hermann Gring, Rudolf Hess, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Wilhelm Keitel, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Alfred Rosenberg, Hans Frank, Wilhelm Frick, Julius Streicher, Walther Funk, Hjalmar Schacht. Four were sentenced to terms of imprisonment ranging from 10 to 20 years: Karl Dnitz, Baldur von Schirach, Albert Speer, and Konstantin von Neurath. [217][218] The last prisoner was released in 1958. The British worked on putting together the aggressive war charge; the French and Soviet delegations were assigned the task of covering crimes against humanity and war crimes committed on the Western Front and the Eastern Front, respectively. His name was Raymond J Arsenault. All I can recall is that he was standing to the left in the court room. The Estonian Guard Co. 4221 was formed to answer the need to guard the Nuremberg courthouse and the prison where accused Nazi War Criminals were held. The requested reassignments were generally granted.. 125. Considered by some as the most intelligent and talented prisoner, he was the quintessential gentleman. He told multiple stories of his time there. Michael Prestianni served as a guard at Nuremberg as high-ranking Nazis stood trial for their lives. In July 2020, Dey was found guilty and given a two . U.S. veteran Gerald M. Boe, the guard for Hermann Gring during the Nuremberg Trials, shares his memories of that time. The verdict was drafted by British alternate judge Norman Birkett. Your Moms birthday and maiden name. It was difficult and tiring duty. Goehring gave my Dad a notebook that he had drawn in. (Robert Ley committed suicide while in prison, and Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbachs mental and physical condition prevented his being tried.) [183][184] The judges proved their independence from the governments that appointed them, the defendants were seen as receiving due process, and the evidence of guilt amassed by the prosecution was overwhelming. [32] The trial was held under modified common law. [116] In contrast to the other prosecution teams, the French prosecution emphasized how Nazi ideology and pan-Germanism had led to the Nazis' crimes, and delved into the Sonderweg theory of Germany's development in the nineteenth century. They were not to be shown disrespect. Nazi, Alfred Rosenberg, lies dead on a casket following his execution after the Nuremberg Trials. These parapets included watchtowers at the four corners equipped with telephones to contact or summon supervising sergeants or lieutenants, who were constantly on call to resolve problems that might develop. He guarded Goehring. [33], The negotiators decided that the tribunal's permanent seat would be in Berlin, while the trial would be held at the Palace of Justice in Nuremberg. Three of the defendants were acquitted: Hjalmar Schacht, Franz von Papen, and Hans Fritzsche. [192] Members of the SS were tried in the Pohl trial, which focused on members of the SS Main Economic and Administrative Office that oversaw SS economic activity, including the Nazi concentration camps;[193] the RuSHA trial of Nazi racial policies; and the Einsatzgruppen trial, in which members of the mobile killing squads were tried for the murder of more than one million people behind the Eastern Front. One was sentenced in absentia. Some were convicted of historys most barbaric crimes against humanity. Neurath, after serving eight years of his 15-year sentence, was spirited away in clandestine fashion, without fanfare, and mysteriously set free in the dead of night on November 6, 1954, because of an alleged eye ailment. An anti-Semite to the end, and proclaiming that his death was a victory for world Jewry, Streichers final shouted words as he dropped through the trap door to his death were, This is the Purim Festival for 1946. Proposals for how to punish the defeated Nazi leaders ranged from a show trial (the Soviet Union) to summary executions (the United Kingdom). [87] In France, some verdicts were met with outrage from the media and especially from organizations for deportees and resistance fighters, as they were perceived as too lenient. Immediately following the end of the IMT, the American military government held twelve more war crimes trials in Nuremberg. There were limits to how much gore that could be tolerated by some of the courtroom guards, he recalled. Prestianni, the guard contingent, and supervisors under the command of Colonel B.C. Again, without a word being spoken, the door was slammed shut. Nrnberg trials, Nrnberg also spelled Nuremberg, series of trials held in Nrnberg, Germany, in 194546, in which former Nazi leaders were indicted and tried as war criminals by the International Military Tribunal. [152] The defendants' witnesses sometimes managed to exculpate them, but other witnessesincluding Rudolf Hss, the former commandant of Auschwitz, and Hans Bernd Gisevius, a member of the German resistanceeffectively incriminated the defendants. Prompt medical attention was readily available to all prisoners. [153] Midway through the trial, Winston Churchill's Iron Curtain speech denouncing the Soviet threat delighted the defense. John C. Woods, hangman at Nuremberg Anyone else might have been embarrassed about botching such a high-level execution. Today these sketches are highly prized. I look forward to hearing from him. The food, prepared in an American-staffed kitchen, offered identical German menus for each prisoner. [95] None of the defendants tried to assert that the Nazis' crimes had not occurred; instead, they attempted to divert blame from their own actions. They even accused guards of watching them undress. [168], The judgment found that there was a premeditated conspiracy to commit crimes against peace, the goals of the conspiracy being "the disruption of the European order as it had existed since the Treaty of Versailles" and "the creation of a Greater Germany beyond the frontiers of 1914". The crew (left to right) Private (1st Class) Carl E McCray (Salem, Va.) and Sergeant E Wilson (Texas.)'. The defendants at Nuremberg. He argued that Germans needed Lebensraum (living space) and that they were looking only for land expansion. Koch ordered skin emblazoned with tattoos to be stripped from the cadavers of prisoners and made into lampshades. The purpose of the armored reinforcement was to prevent any possibility of attack by groups of still-fanatic Nazis. While they walked, the prisoners were separated by a prescribed number of yards. During our conversations, he often asked questions about the United States, a subject in which he appeared to be quite interested, Prestianni added. They wanted to run the whole show. It was supposed to pass to me, but my brothers widow lost it and it has not been turned over to me. FRD provides custom research services to federal agencies, the District of Columbia government, and authorized federal contractors. Minister of Foreign Affairs 193238, succeeded by Ribbentrop. Joined: Oct 14, 2007 Messages: 2,804 Gring enjoyed baiting his guards. Twelve of the defendants would be sentenced to death. Prestianni did not recall any such instances. He has little or no memory of the six remaining defendants, Hitler Youth leader Baldur von Schirach, Labor Front head Robert Ley, Minister of Economics Walther Funk, Plenipotentiary for Labor Deployment Fritz Sauckel, propagandist Hans Fritzsche, or Artur Seys-Inquart, the administrator of the occupied Netherlands. The tribunal consisted of a member plus an alternate selected by each of the four signatory countries. . He served in that capacity for three months, bringing him in daily contact with 16 of the 22 accused war criminals. [68] Most of the defendants had surrendered to the United States or United Kingdom. Let me have that again, please. He still resides in Framingham after retiring from a 33-year career in supervisory positions with the U.S. Two and a quarter hours before he was to be executed he took poison under the. He was physically one tough guy, Prestianni offered. So the court then allowed him to choose any lawyer he wanted and Stahmer was his pick. In rendering these decisions, the tribunal rejected the major defenses offered by the defendants. An enduring mystery of the 1946 Nuremberg trials was apparently solved yesterday when an American former prison guard claimed it was he who, as an unwitting accomplice, passed to Hermann. [103], Much of the American case focused on the development of the Nazi conspiracy before the outbreak of war. Because of his moral corruption, the other prisoners shunned him. On October 1, 1946, the International Military Tribunal handed down its verdicts in the trials of 22 Nazi leaders - eleven were given the death penalty, three were acquitted, three were given life imprisonment and four were given imprisonment ranging from 10 to 20 years. [14][15] The exact form that retribution would take was left unresolved at the Yalta Conference in February 1945. [38], In early 1946, there were a thousand employees from the four countries' delegations in Nuremberg, of which about two-thirds were from the United States. The following is a brief . Subsequent Nuremberg Trials (December 1946 - April 1949) A further 12. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Andrus, a strict disciplinarian, were constantly reminded that the prisoners should be treated with civility and objectivity at all times. [94] All defendants pleaded not guilty. He used to tell me he always did what he thought was right for the Fatherland but that just too much came to light during the trial.. Friedrich Jeckeln was found guilty and was executed in Riga, Latvia. At the time, I saw these men only as individual prisoners, guilty of unknown crimes. Public to Get Access to Nuremberg Trials Digital Recordings End of the trial: Guardian report on the executions, 16 October 1946 Hermann Gring last night died by his own hand. [10][11], Of all the Allies, the Soviet Union lobbied most intensely for trying the defeated German leaders for aggression in addition to war crimes. ;"God protect Germany. He thought a mature, Lutheran, German-speaking chaplain who had worked in prisons . Postal Service. [24][25] Although a novel construct, "crimes against humanity" covered acts that were already prohibited by the laws of most countries. [81] Senior American officials believed that convicting organizations was a good way of showing that not just the top German leaders were responsible for crimes, without condemning the entire German people. A defendant was entitled to receive a copy of the indictment, to offer any relevant explanation to the charges brought against him, and to be represented by counsel and confront and cross-examine the witnesses. Number 3 was Konstantin von Neurath, a former high-ranking politician. Ribbentrop was held in low esteem by others close to Hitler due to his perceived ineptness in many areas. [212], The German churches, both Catholic and Protestant, were vociferous proponents of amnesty,[213] which had cross-party support in West Germany, which was established in 1949. Strict attention was always paid to the prisoners. Gifts, usually clothing, soap, tobacco, and family photos, could be given to prisoners after inspection by a guard. In most respects, fraternization between guards and prisoners was closely monitored by those who set the policies for the prisoners confinement. This wasnt authorized, but it was done on occasion, Prestianni smiled. Pre-war president of the. Other generals were tried in the High Command Trial for plotting wars of aggression, issuing criminal orders, deporting civilians, using slave labor, and looting in the Soviet Union. [172] All 22 defendants were charged with crimes against peace, and 12 were convicted. List of defendants at the International Military Tribunal, William L. Shierer "The Rise and Fall of the third reich", Nuremberg-chapter of part IV. Number 6 was Walther Funk, former minister of economics, and Number 7 was Rudolf Hess, once Hitlers private secretary and deputy fhrer. Others were deemed "unfit" for Nazi society: Jews, lesbians, sex workers or homeless women. [87] Over the course of the trial, Western judges allowed the defendants additional leeway to denounce the Soviet Union, which was ultimately revealed to be a co-conspirator in the outbreak of World War II. Outside the cellblock complex, a small courtyard with a few scraggly pear trees allowed each prisoner the opportunity to walk for 20 minutes each day. we went to Germany with and my younger brother was born there, dad remained un the Army until 1960, when he retired after 32 years service. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. She kept a scrapbook which had photos of her group and many signatures of court officials and army officers commending them for their service. [87], Initially, it was planned to hold a second international tribunal for German industrialists, but this was never held because of differences between the Allies. He reportedly carried a whip during liaisons with numerous women. Seven defendants (Hess, Funk, Raeder, Dnitz, Schirach, Speer, and Neurath) were sent to Spandau Prison to serve their sentences. Everyone within hearing distance knew what the hammering signified. Whenever these female prisoners, most of whom were former concentration camp guards, created a problem, we merely, as instructed, called the sergeant-of-the-guard to resolve the situation. His remembrance of duty at Nuremberg remains vivid. The first, held by an international tribunal (American, British, French, and Russian), was the "War. For the Tokyo Trial, see, International Military Tribunal for the Far East, Charter of the International Military Tribunal, List of defendants at the International Military Tribunal, SS Main Economic and Administrative Office, mass expulsion of millions of Germans from central and eastern Europe, confrontation with the concentration camps, Journal of International Criminal Justice, "Notre combat pour la paix: la France et le procs de Nuremberg (1945-1946)", "Le procs de Nuremberg: retour sur soixante-dix ans de recherche", "German Participation in the Nuremberg Trials and Its Implications for Today", "Imperfect Justice at Nuremberg and Tokyo", Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal, International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials), International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia, Special Panels of the Dili District Court, International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals, List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust, Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg_trials&oldid=1142633133, International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg, Courts and tribunals disestablished in 1946, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 March 2023, at 14:39. He had been instrumental in establishing a totalitarian state. He often went for hours without speaking to anyone. [71][72] The military leaders were Hermann Gring, Wilhelm Keitel, Alfred Jodl, Erich Raeder, and Karl Dnitz. [195][196], These trials emphasized the crimes committed during the Holocaust. On that date, representatives from the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the provisional government of France signed an agreement that included a charter for an international military tribunal to conduct trials of major Axis war criminals whose offenses had no particular geographic location. He maintained an air of superiority toward Dnitz, considering him still a subordinate officer. [105] The American prosecutors were not any more effective when presenting documentary evidence on the conspiracy to commit crimes against humanity, and ended up reaching a "saturation point of horror" by their indiscriminate selection and disorganized presentation of evidence without tying it to specific defendants. Joachim von Ribbentrop, Nazi Germanys foreign minister beginning in 1938, was amiable, Prestianni said. I tried to judge them myself, not by what others said of them. [115], From 17 January to 7 February 1946, France presented its charges and supporting evidence. My father, Jack J. At the time, it was just a job we were told to do. [174] The judges interpreted crimes against humanity narrowly; they determined that crimes against German Jews before 1939 were not under the court's jurisdiction because the prosecution had not proven a connection to aggressive war. [179], The exact sentences to be given each defendant were debated at length by the judges. "[1][163] The judges did not attempt to define aggression[164] and decided not to mention the retroactivity of the charges in the verdict. I only patrolled there once. He promoted an intentionalist view of the Nazi state and its overall conspiracy to commit all of the crimes mentioned in the indictment. In the Hostages case, several generals were tried for executing thousands of hostages and prisoners of war, looting, using forced labor, and deporting civilians in the Balkans. If an organization was found to be criminal, the prosecution could bring individuals to trial for having been members, and the criminal nature of the group or organization could no longer be questioned. [130] The defense presented evidence of Soviet responsibility,[131] and Katyn was not mentioned in the verdict. [210] As the Cold War began, the rapidly changing political environment began to affect the effectiveness of the trials. Im always looking for pictures of the guards and hoping one day I will see him as a young soldier. Streicher, sentenced to death, was perhaps the most despised prisoner of all due to his complete obsession with sex. [59] The conspiracy charge was used to charge the top Nazi leaders, as well as bureaucrats who had never killed anyone or perhaps even directly ordered killing. The . The IMT focused on the crime of aggressionplotting and waging aggressive war, which the verdict declared "the supreme international crime" because "it contains within itself the accumulated evil of the whole". Other Units at Nuremberg were The US Constabulary, the 793rd MP . My father was a guard in the courtroom (Palace of Justice) at the Nuremberg trials in 1946. Updates? When he failed to respond to the periodic shouted challenges from the sergeant-of-the-guard, Prestianni was taken to a hospital in Nuremberg where he remained for two weeks before returning to duty. Each of the governing countries, the United States, England, France, and Russia, had its own interpretation of punishment. Sykes supervised guards, including the iconic. Later 19 other nations accepted the provisions of this agreement. When I once asked him why he had done what he was convicted of doing, he replied that he only did what the Fatherland [Germany] instructed him to do. [177] In the latter case, the Wehrmacht leadership was not considered an organization within the meaning of the charter;[177][178] but this verdict was later misrepresented as an acquittal of the criminality of the Wehrmacht, forming one of the foundations of the clean Wehrmacht myth. Only Speer occasionally tried to befriend him or penetrate his deep solitude with a few words of encouragement. Hitler's Minister of Economics; succeeded Schacht as head of the, Hitler's Deputy Fhrer until he flew to Scotland in 1941 in an attempt to broker peace with the United Kingdom. [141] The defendants tried to blame their crimes on Hitler, who was mentioned 1,200 times during the trialmore than the top five defendants combined. [80][81] The aim was to have these organizations declared criminal, so that their members could be tried expeditiously for membership in a criminal organization. These compelling first-person accounts of the Nuremberg trials were recorded by professional historians who interviewed 11 Americans participants, including prosecutors, journalists, security guards, and even the architect who designed the courtroom. Attitudes toward certain prisoners were determined by the prisoners themselves, their demeanor in captivity, and their personality traits and attitudes toward their American, British, or French guards. None outwardly felt they had done anything to warrant being in prison.. God have mercy on my soul. [143] Although a few defense lawyers inverted the arguments of the prosecution to assert that the Germans' authoritarian mindset and obedience to the state exonerated them from any personal guilt, most rejected such arguments. They just never admitted to it. Another favorite was Alfred Jodl, former chief of the operations staff of the Army high command, who was found guilty and executed. My mothers cousin was a WAC serving in England during WW2. The Nazi war criminal, Arthur Seyss-Inquart, after execution at Nuremberg. However, some Russian guards who had perhaps the best reason to want to harshly punish the former German leaders in retaliation for previous atrocities and other crimes committed in the Soviet Union, were friendly and, even in some cases, considerate of the prisoners and American personnel.. They had a profound affect on my dad, who always said, I would never want to be killed by hanging. Yet, the constables who allegedly murdered my Dad did just that. After encountering a you tube video by accident I have a different answer. [238][239] The Palace of Justice houses a museum on the trial and the courtroom became a tourist attraction, drawing 13,138 visitors in 2005. Boy I wish I asked more questions of the trials. [132][169] Through a compromise among the judges, the charge of conspiracy was narrowed to a conspiracy to wage aggressive war. The duty roster for guards was revised daily in an attempt to prevent the development of unauthorized relationships with prisoners. Prestianni and another guard handcuffed Streicher and walked him silently to the gallows chamber, where they rapped on the door with their truncheons. Their trial was held before an International Military Tribunal (IMT) in Nuremberg, Germany. Examine the Nrnberg (Nuremberg) trials of formerleaders of Nazi Germany for war crimes, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Nurnberg-trials, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum - Holocaust Encyclopedia - The Nuremberg Trials, Famous Trials - Nuremberg Trials (1945-49), Nuremberg Trials - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Nuremberg trials - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Konstantin von Neurath at the Nrnberg trials, Ernst Kaltenbrunner at the Nrnberg trials. He said that he had the pleasure of meeting the judge known as the Hanging Judge. One of the new USA light tanks (M24) on guard outside the courthouse at Nuremberg. Ten of themHans Frank, Wilhelm Frick, Julius Streicher, Alfred Rosenberg, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Fritz Sauckel, Alfred Jodl, Wilhelm Keitel, and Arthur Seyss-Inquartwere hanged on October 16, 1946. If anyone knows how I can verify that he was a guard, please let me know. Q. [67] Also prosecuted were leaders of the German economy, such as Gustav Krupp (of the conglomerate Krupp AG), former Reichsbank president Hjalmar Schacht, and economic planners Albert Speer and Walther Funk, along with Speer's subordinate and head of the forced labor program, Fritz Sauckel. In return, he often was rewarded with cigarettes, pipe tobacco, or other small items he coveted. He just celebrated his 93 birthday, and is smart and caring as he has always been. [230] The selectivity in trying Germans but not the Allies has garnered the most persistent criticism. That was until he took his own life by biting down on a cyanide capsule a few hours before he was scheduled to be hanged., Prestianni remembered vividly the night of the executions and Grings suicide. The Nuremberg Trials After the war, the top surviving German leaders were tried for Nazi Germany's crimes, including the crimes of the Holocaust. Raeder was sentenced to life imprisonment but was released for poor health on September 26, 1955. The culmination of the unprecedented War Crimes trials in the German city of Nuremberg, where the Nazis had staged their infamous pre-war rallies. The Nuremberg trials were a series of 13 trials carried out in Nuremberg, Germany, between 1945 and 1949 to try those accused of Nazi war crimes. Sentenced to death, Reich Law Leader 193345 and Governor-General of the, Hitler's Minister of the Interior 193343 and. He was the first of 10 hanged on October 16, 1946. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The note said, To a good man in remembrance of my going forth to death., Prestianni said, I have no idea why he gave it to me. Proposals for how to punish the defeated Nazi leaders ranged from a . Jodl, one of 10 prisoners hanged, was another who never admitted to any personal guilt. American chow was prepared for the guards and other Army personnel. Three others were acquitted. I inherited all of it. To maintain the steady flow of Speer pencil sketches, guards always provided him with an adequate supply of paper and sharpened pencils. (November 1945) Sources: All photos copyright and courtesy of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum The defendants included some of the most famous Nazis, including Hermann Gring, Rudolf Hess, Joachim von Ribbentrop, and Wilhelm Keitel. Some smiled while others snarled at each other or harshly criticized other individuals. The Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History, and Diplomacy. [10] The declaration also stated that those high-ranking Nazis who had committed crimes in several countries would be dealt with jointly. The first of the trials was the Major War Crimes Trial, in which 22 high-ranking Nazis stood trial in the Palace of Justice. My final wish is that Germany should recover her unity and that, for the sake of peace, there should be an understanding between East and West. For the subsequent trials held by the United States, see, "International Military Tribunal" redirects here.

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