Here we report an open-loop recycling method for these materials that involves (i) decrosslinking via hydrolysis, (ii) an optional chain-shortening via sonication, and (iii) functionalizing via Fischer esterification. Castro, M.C., Gurzenda, S., Turra, C.M. in Brasil: uma viso geogrfica e ambiental no incio do sculo XXI. LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-NATURE Nature and Biodiversity LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV Nature Governance Each project application under the call must address only one of these topics. and JavaScript. Stab. These results suggest that the substrate hydrophobicity also favors conversion to the ester. In the first 4 months of 2021, COVID-19 deaths represented 107% of the total 2020 figures. Faria, N. R. et al. et al. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. The estimated decline in 2021 e0 is 1.78 years (1.86 years for males and 1.64 years for females). The autonomous nature of this role allows for providers to own the patient's quality of care and allows for collaboration with attending physicians and other providers at the facility with the. Because the 2021 estimates are based on deaths that occurred in only a 4-month period, the magnitudes of declines are not directly comparable with those for 2020 using the DT19 method (Supplementary Tables 5 and 6). 8, 1450414510 (2020). 44, 11491154 (1979). We showed that a largely unmitigated pandemic, in a context of local inequalities, resulted in a high and unequal mortality burden. Programme: Programme for Environment and Climate Action (LIFE) . Therefore, we estimated the provisional decline in life expectancy in 2021 thus far; this estimate is based on the DT19 method noted earlier but, in this case, adding confirmed 2021 COVID-19 deaths to the deaths expected among those who did not die of COVID-19, who are assumed to be subject to 2019 mortality rates for the remainder of 2021 (Supplementary Table 11). For 2021, as the base case scenario, we calculated the number of deaths that would occur in the absence of COVID-19 (\({\,}_n^ \ast D_x\)). Internet Explorer). The adhesive properties of the synthesized polyacrylates were evaluated using rheology and analyzed with respect to Changs viscoelastic window (VW), which classifies different adhesive types48. Brazil continues to face a challenging situation. Rev. As expected, the VWs are higher with larger Mw, which is due to the increased chain entanglements. 2 Topics under the 2021 call 1. Li, J., Nagamani, C. & Moore, J. S. Polymer mechanochemistry: from destructive to productive. Brasil, Grandes Regies e Unidades da Federao 2010. in Estudos e Pesquisas. Report 19: the potential impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on HIV, TB and malaria in low- and middle-income countries. NTO s.15: Managers have full power to dispose of or deal with the land as . Presentation(edition Call 2021- content valid also for call 2022), European Climate Infrastructure and Environment Executive Agency, This site is managed by the European Climate, Infrastructure and Environment Executive Agency, LIFE-2022-SAP-NAT Nature and Biodiversity - Standard Action Projects (SAP), Follow the European Commission on social media, Programme for the Environment and Climate Action (LIFE), European Climate, Infrastructure and Environment Executive Agency, LIFE - Support for applicants (europa.eu). Here, we assumed that individuals who did not die of COVID-19 in the first 4 months of 2021 would be subject to the 2019 age group-specific and sex-specific mortality rates. All authors contributed to the interpretation of results and manuscript editing. A summary of findings and implications of these estimates is shown in Table 1. Hone, T. et al. LIFE-2022-SAP-NAT-GOV Nature Governance Each project application under the call must address only one of these topics. Among states, Amazonas lost 60.4% of the improvements in e0 since 2000. Adoption is complex, emotional, life-altering. We also calculated state inequalities in life expectancy, measured as the difference between the lowest and the highest state life expectancy, to assess changes due to COVID-19 (Methods). Therefore, COVID-19 sequelae might shorten individual lifespan. Commercial polymers are ubiquitous, with a global annual production of approximately 368 million metric tons1, with about 75% of plastics disposed of after a single use2. Lancet Respir. ADS This year's call for the 2021 is open to two areas and their sub-programmes: 1. Informao Demogrfica e Socioeconmica. https://www.vitalstrategies.org/resources/excess-mortality-in-brazil-a-detailed-description-of-trends-in-mortality-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/ (2020). Ching, T. W. et al. projects in line with the objectives of the LIFE Nature and Biodiversity sub-programme but defined in the Call topic LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-NATURE are excluded. JAMA 324, 13911392 (2020). ACS Sustain. Defined and directed strategic marketing and go-to-market plans. We estimated a reduction of 1.31 years in e0 from 2019 to 2020 (Fig. Fundao Oswaldo Cruz. Self-wetting adhesive composition. 2U19AI089681-08). 1b and Supplementary Table 2)5. Although durability and strength are advantages of synthetic polymers, these properties are also responsible for their environmental persistence4,5,6. Upgrading of postconsumer absorbent hygiene products for bioethanol production. 3 0 obj J. In contrast, when acetic acid was reacted with ethanol/water, the conversion was only 68%. Most of their feedstocks come from nonrenewable resources3. We used three approaches to assess changes in life expectancy due to COVID-19. Fundao Oswaldo Cruz. H2SO4 with heating (Fig. volume27,pages 16291635 (2021)Cite this article. Giving superabsorbent polymers a second life as pressure-sensitive adhesives, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24488-9. To compute the total persons-years lived for 2020, we added the monthly contributions. Google Scholar. First, differences in these period life expectancies capture both direct and indirect mortality effects of COVID-19 in 2020. Vilseck, J. Death rates from non-COVID-19 causes in 2020 likely changed between 2019 and 2020, decreasing for some causes (for example, from reduced exposure to other infections) and increasing in others (for example, from delayed or foregone healthcare or overburdening of the healthcare system). Heuveline, P. & Tzen, M. Beyond deaths per capita: comparative COVID-19 mortality indicators. Disruption in treatment and diagnosis of tuberculosis and HIV might increase mortality over the next 5 years30. Raber, D. J. et al. Article <>/Metadata 249 0 R/ViewerPreferences 250 0 R>> Manag. Blackwhite risk differentials in COVID-19 (SARS-COV2) transmission, mortality and case fatality in the United States: translational epidemiologic perspective and challenges. 1d). https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/14/brazil-manaus-amazonas-covid-coronavirus (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01437-z, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01437-z. . %PDF-1.7 Reaction conditions for base-mediated and acid-catalyzed decrosslinking reactions with LCA comparison. McNeill, I. C. & Sadeghi, S. M. T. Thermal stability and degradation mechanisms of poly(acrylic acid) and its salts: Part 1-poly(acrylic acid). #n$dA"yTtM nTv_J{Bf25X1E[B Y@V(//G0g4_fc_Cv;`& ,. Commercial polyacrylate-based PSAs are often accessed via petroleum-sourced monomers (Fig. As a consequence, there is an intrinsic, limiting molar mass for each polymer below which further chain scissions are unlikely to occur. As with 2020, for both e0 and e65, the lowest declines in 2021 were concentrated in the Northeast, whereas the South, which had relatively smaller declines in 2020, is estimated to have a much greater loss in 2021. https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/publications/the-new-plastics-economy-rethinking-the-future-of-plastics-catalysing-action (2017). ISSN 1546-170X (online) Nmero 30 116 (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e EstatsticaIBGE, Diretoria de Pesquisas, Coordenao de Populao e Indicadores Sociais, 2013). Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. [:BiU{okw}weM~{zo=nR{=x"}C?V]nQi,"8(,|"}'Y77iY. Google Scholar. The ecoinvent database version 3 (part I): overview and methodology. {o"yQr8"2ioFq[V Barone, M. T. U. et al. Sodium polyacrylate-based superabsorbent materials used in disposable diapers and feminine hygiene products have been challenging to recycle through either open- or closed-loop processes. Simes, C. C. S. Breve histrico do processo demogrfico. April 2021 was the deadliest month since the pandemic began: nine capital cities reported more deaths than births, and, by 25 April, the number of COVID-19 deaths in 2021 surpassed that reported in 2020. Sci. For 2019 and 2020, our estimates include deaths from all causes registered in the Mortality Information System. We have included these important steps in our life cycle assessments, however, our syntheses utilized the more readily accessible samples of superabsorbent polymer used to manufacture diapers at P&G. Silveira, M. F. et al. CAS ^c2/rML[,[gs] Eng. As high life expectancies are predominantly in the South region and the lowest are in the North, these results suggest that COVID-19 mortality reproduced regional inequalities, reflecting the pandemics disproportionate burden among vulnerable groups5 but also spatial patterns of COVID-19 spread18. and S.G. conducted data curation. The Nature and Biodiversity sub-programme will aim at the protection and restoration of Europe's nature and halting and reversing biodiversity loss. Because these data are not available by age and sex, we used de-identified publicly available data on severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) hospitalizations from the Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance Information System (Sistema de Informao de Vigilncia Epidemiolgica da Gripe, or SIVEP-Gripe, in Portuguese). Unfortunately, most used diapers sit in landfills without substantial biodegradation, or are incinerated. Soc. The decline was larger for males, widening by 9.1% the femalemale gap in e0. Offensive waste valorisation in the UK: assessment of the potentials for absorbent hygiene product (AHP) recycling. We estimated reductions in e0 and e65 due to COVID-19, for each state and sex, from the difference between the 2020 period life table and the DT20 estimates (Supplementary Tables 3 and 4), between the 2019 period life table and the DT19 estimates for 2020 (Supplementary Tables 5 and 6) and between the 2019 period life table and the DT19 estimates for 2021 (Supplementary Table 11). Estimates of period mortality rates require an estimate of the population exposed to the risk of dying. The results from both of these experiments demonstrate that the equilibrium lies far towards the esterification product. Liang, L. et al. This compromised screening for cancer, with a reduction of about 35% in new diagnoses28. 2. Abbasi, J. The authors declare no competing financial interests. Trans. WASHINGTON (AP) An ambitious and wide-ranging White House cybersecurity plan released Thursday calls for bolstering protections on critical sectors and making software companies legally liable. In contrast, few studies have examined recycling of the sodium polyacrylate superabsorbent polymers. Also, demographic projections did not account for the pandemic context and might have overestimated population size. For example, FaterSMART, a Proctor and Gamble (P&G) affiliated company, has developed and implemented a diaper recycling facility that includes used diaper acquisition, steam sterilization, shredding, and separation into the purified raw materials (cellulosics, superabsorbent polymer, and polyolefins)29. For many polymers, recycling via mechanical processes is not feasible and these materials are destined for landfills or incineration. Several routes for converting the polyacrylic acid into a polyacrylate were compared. Tobing, S. D. & Klein, A. Molecular parameters and their relation to the adhesive performance of acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives. PubMed Central The dataset provides the age and sex structure of hospitalized COVID-19 deaths, and frequent updates are made publicly available by the Ministry of Health (https://opendatasus.saude.gov.br/nl/dataset). J. Environ. The resulting polymers were isolated in ~97% yield (over the two steps). Effect of economic recession and impact of health and social protection expenditures on adult mortality: a longitudinal analysis of 5565 Brazilian municipalities. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co, Weinheim, 2020). c, Bivariate choropleth map of the estimated change in e0 and e65 in 2020 based on the difference from life tables calculated for 2019 and 2020 by state. Manages sample collection and retention strategy. 99, 99106 (2015). Cite this article. Article Vital Strategies. https://www.statista.com/statistics/282732/global-production-of-plastics-since-1950 (2020). Chang, E. P. Viscoelastic windows of pressure-sensitive adhesives. !J8Di,t1@'l:fBHM?bG)z6PRIq\QiA#J%B,yd6:$U drJH!e+Lal#fl&|5v{@V:"`as[#!S/`GoQd&~^lsv)rp. https://www.fatersmart.com/ - (Accessed May 1, 2021). GetScriptingEngine End If If Not IsObject (connection) Then Set connection = application. Clean. https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/super-absorbent-polymer-market (20152020). Inicio / Programas UE / LIFE2027 / LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV (LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV) - NATURE GOVERNANCE. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. 4b,c). To determine whether the base-mediated or acid-catalyzed pathway was better, the two routes were compared using a cradle-to-product life cycle assessment (LCA, Supplementary Fig. Chem. Strong business development professional with a PhD focused in Teaching Engineering with Games from Universidade de So Paulo. Mechanical recycling is not feasible because the crosslinks prevent melting. After more than 195,000 lives were reported to have been lost in 2020 to COVID-19, no policy changes have appeared in 2021. https://doi.org/10.25561/78670 (Imperial College London, 2020). Life cycle assessments (LCA) were performed to assess the cumulative energetic and environmental impacts of producing 1kg of adhesive via our open-loop recycling method. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Al-Aly, Z., Xie, Y. Chemically recyclable polymers: a circular economy approach to sustainability. Barnes, D. K. A., Galgani, F., Thompson, R. C. & Barlaz, M. Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments. Oncol. Height influenced biomass accumulation and hence C gain, where life forms . Pocious, A. V. Adhesion and Adhesives Technology, 3rd ed. Peter Bauer, Jonas Brugger, Martin Posch, Sven Drefahl, Matthew Wallace, Gunnar Andersson, Hctor Pifarr i Arolas, Enrique Acosta, Mikko Myrskyl, Ian F. Miller, Alexander D. Becker, C. Jessica E. Metcalf, Stefano Amore, Emanuela Puppo, Giuseppe Liotta, Ariel Pablos-Mndez, Simone Villa, Richard Alan Cash, Megan ODriscoll, Gabriel Ribeiro Dos Santos, Henrik Salje, Nature Medicine & Garenne, M. The 1918 influenza epidemics effects on sex differentials in mortality in the United States. axL5Bv\cH L(8@#lP&djen$kqbn7GwU$Kn~` d!B"mheQ%$HL3\0(Jqv\s. volume12, Articlenumber:4524 (2021) Frequently Asked Questions 1 0 obj Ventura, D. F. L., Giulio, G. M. & Rached, D. H. Lessons from the Covid-19 pandemic: sustainability is an indispensable condition of global health security. For comparison, we also evaluated the hydrolysis using 0.8M aq. Noronha, K. V. M. S. et al. Changes in e0 can reflect differences in expected longevity between two periods, such as before versus during a pandemic. Adv. We created data visualizations in R, ArcMap version 10.8 (ESRI) and Adobe Illustrator CS6. Second, in contrast to DT19 and DT20, the method based on the difference in life expectancy between 2019 and 2020 makes no assumption about independence of causes of death (that is, that the risks of dying from other causes are unaffected by the addition or elimination of COVID-19 mortality), an assumption that was almost certainly violated during the pandemic. 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A 245, 132140 (2006). & Garca, J. M. Chemical recycling of waste plastics for new materials production. C.M.T. "Climate action". e65 declined by a larger percentage for males than females in all states, reflecting mens higher risks of dying from COVID-19 (ref. Percentage loss due to COVID-19 mortality relative to increases in female and male e0 (a) and e65 (b) between 2000 and 2020 by state. Nat Commun 12, 4524 (2021). Nature and Biodiversity ). Proc. Briefly, nonamers of polyacrylic acid were used as a model system along withbutanol Comparison of the reaction free energies was made between the first esterification and the final esterification. In this approach, the VW for each PSA is constructed from the dynamic storage (G) and loss (G) moduli at representative bonding and debonding frequencies of 0.01 and 100Hz, respectively. Thiounn, T. & Smith, R. C. Advances and approaches for chemical recycling of plastic waste. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Smith, D. W. & Bradshaw, B. S. Variation in life expectancy during the twentieth century in the United States. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Fagnani, D. E. et al. 34, 189200 (1991). Science 360, 2829 (2018). States are colored according to major regions. T32 AG000037). Article M.S. Eng. Among the states, Amazonas, Rondnia, Roraima and Mato Grosso had the largest declines in e0 in both 2020 and 2021 (Fig. The aim of the project is the conservation of Caretta caretta, in the western Mediterranean basin, from threats related to human disturbance in the nesting sites. Glacial acrylic acid (GAA), methyl acrylate (MA), ethyl acrylate (EA), n-butyl acrylate (BA) and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (2-EHA). We show that life expectancy in the presence of COVID-19 is equivalent to levels observed in Brazil as far back as 20 or more years in some states. Tbuas Abreviadas de Mortalidade por Sexo e Idade. Among the states, the largest setback was estimated for Amazonas and Par (levels of 2006 for both sexes, 2008 and 2010 for females and 2005 and 2002 for males). July 4, 2022 life 2021 sap nat naturebritish white cattle for sale in washingtonbritish white cattle for sale in washington When acetic acid was reacted with 2-ethylhexanol/water, we observed a 94% conversion. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Nature Medicine (Nat Med) Overall, the viscoelastic properties of the synthesized PSAs suggest they would be useful for applications such as removable general-purpose adhesives, including tapes, bandages, and sticky notes. 4d). Next, undecanoic acid was esterified under the same conditions, yielding 100% ester for 2-ethylhexanol/water and 85% for ethanol/water. Lett. Cancer diagnosis in Brazil in the COVID-19 era. Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, P. Takunda Chazovachii,Michael T. Robo,E. Neil G. Marsh,Paul M. Zimmerman&Anne J. McNeil, School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, Materials Science InnovationCorporate R&D, The Procter & Gamble Co., West Chester, OH, USA, Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, You can also search for this author in On the final day of the Team Girls Cup, I went for a morning trip to Surfers Paradise for a swim and quality time with the family. To monitor this process, we measured changes in the complex viscosity over time. sub-programme "Nature and Biodiversity". Med. https://portal.fiocruz.br/sites/portal.fiocruz.br/files/documentos/boletim_covid_2021_extraordinario_maio.pdf (2021). Res. Rio Grande do Sul, in the South, was the only state with an estimated increase in e0 from 2019 to 2020 for both sexes (0.07 years) but a decline for males of 0.11 years.

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