montmorency cherry tree pollination

A Montmorency Cherry is an incredibly popular cherry to use for baking because of how beautifully its tart flavor combines with the sweetness of baked goods. So, which cherry trees are self-pollinating? The following varieties will pollinate this cherry tree. Cherry Tree Varieties: Types Of Cherry Trees For The Landscape, Rainier Sweet Cherry Info - How To Grow Rainier Cherries, Hardy Cherry Trees - Cherry Trees For Zone 5 Gardens, Growing Hostas In Colorado And The Southwest US, Lords And Ladies Plant Care Tips On Arum Maculatum Propagation, What Is Guttation Learn About The Causes Of Guttation In Plants, Winecup Plant Info: Learn How To Grow Winecups In The Garden, Sapodilla Problems: Fruit Dropping From Sapodilla Plant, Home & Garden Marketplace: Advertiser Info. How long does the Cherry Blossom live for? Cutting back sweet cherries is an exception to this rule. The most dependable fruit producers are sour cherries that don't need another variety for cross pollination. Black Tartarian (1st), Rainier Cherry (2nd), Skeena Cherry Tree (3rd), Stella Cherry Tree (4th) - Images Combined by Lyrae Willis for Tree Vitalize. Montmorency tart cherries are classics. Hardy Cherry Trees - Cherry Trees For Zone 5 Gardens, Cherry Tree Varieties: Types Of Cherry Trees For The Landscape, Apple Chilling Info: How Many Chill Hours Do Apples Need, Gardening For Bees In Nebraska And West North Central Region, Ornamental Grasses Ohio Valley Gardeners Should Grow, Dimorphotheca Problems Troubleshooting Cape Marigold Issues, Kikusui Asian Pear Info: Learn How To Grow A Kikusui Pear Tree, Cold Frames For Seedlings: How To Use A Cold Frame In Spring, Pear Crown Gall Treatment: What Causes Pear Crown Gall, Home & Garden Marketplace: Advertiser Info. Montmorency Cherry trees thrive in hardiness zones 4-7 and love well-draining soil. When ready for sale, they are either gassed with ethylene gas or allowed to ripen at room temperature. If you have a sour cherry tree or pie cherry, youre in luck. That means, the pollens can produce fruit from the same flower or the different flower of the same tree. Top Tips (Planting Tips for Cherry Tree) Before transplanting the seedling outside, conduct a soakaway test hole 6 inches wide and about 10 inches deep. There are some sweet cherry trees are self-pollinating (more on this later). Buying Cherry Trees. 1 Does Montmorency cherry tree need a pollinator? 1 Do Montmorency cherry trees need a pollinator? Mature height: 16ft-24ft after 10 years. Hi, I just planted a Montmorency cherry tree. Minneopa Orchards is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. Are they self-pollinating? I recommend removing the chokecherry. Your Stella cherry tree is in flowering group 4. 1. But certainly many factors - sun, water, soil, last year's crop, tree maturity - all can affect fruit size. Thank you for all the information about each variety. Melatonin is great to help you sleep and keeps you from having to take sleep aids and pills. I have one of these trees in my front yard. Not all cherry trees need a compatible cultivar, so how do cherry trees pollinate? Last few weeks for bare-root fruit trees - please order ASAP. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. If it isnt capable, are there any varieties that pollinate both Ranier and Montmorency, since I dont know which I have? You also know how to choose different types to stagger harvest dates and get fresh fruit for a longer time. Name - Prunus cerasus Family - Rosaceae Type - fruit tree. We can only assume that a few Montmorency cherry trees remained somewhere nearby, perhaps within the orchards of Bing cherry trees. It has a milder flavor than "morello' type cherry varieties which have a darker flesh and very strong cherry flavor (preferred by the European market). All of the remaining varieties must have a cultivar of a different type to pollinate successfully. The trick will be how to harvest some before the birds have at it. Cover the pit with soil and put 1 or 2 inches of sand over that to prevent the soil from forming a crust as winter cold stratifies the seed. Cherry trees need deep, well-drained soil. Montmorency Cherry trees are self-fertile which means they truly only need one in order to produce a crop of cherries that you can harvest. Abundant late spring flowers are followed by cherries that ripen and are ready to be harvested around late June. (kids) Im thinking of putting a sign up under the tree with all this great info. Chilling Unit Basics Black tartarian cherries develop fruiting. learn more about the Whitegold Sweet Cherry from Stark Brothers. Montmorency is a self-fertile variety, which means you can grow it without other cherry varieties in the area for pollination. The tart flavor, with just a little sweetness, lends a unique flavor to desserts and jams. learn more about the Early Richmond Sour Cherry from Stark Brothers. They do bloom at the same time, I just dont know if a wild cherry tree will pollinate any sweet cherry tree, let alone mine? Others require cross-pollination with a different, compatible cherry variety in order to produce fruit reliably. Planting, pruning and caring for cherry tree are all . Whether you use the juice of the Montmorency Cherry or freeze them to add to smoothies, they are incredibly valuable to improve your health in a variety of ways. When it comes to choosing fruit to add to your daily meals, tart cherries are a great option. Index, Lapins, Skeena, Sweetheart, WhiteGold, Sonata, Stella, Symphony, Sunburst, and BlackGold are self-fruitful (SF) sweet cherries that can serve as universal pollen sources for many self-unfruitful sweet cherry varieties (Stella does not work for Bing in some areas). A few varieties have sterile pollen. 'Montmorency' is available from FastGrowingTrees.com. THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME! Cross pollination is not required for this particular cherry tree . Pollination of Rainier cherry trees. Some cherry trees need another tree nearby for pollination so they can produce fruit. However, to increase productivity and the number of fruits, it is advisable to plant more than one tree. The Montmorency cherry tree is a cold-hardy hybrid species that ripens early in the season. However, adding an additional pollinator will drastically increase the size of your crop. Cherry Tree Pollination Table | Ashridge Nurseries Shop by Plants Hedging Plants All Hedging Beech Hedging Berberis Hedging Box Hedging Buckthorn Hedging Coastal Hedging Cotoneaster Plants Dogwood Shrubs Economy Value Hedging Packs Evergreen Hedging Formal Hedging Hawthorn Hedging Holly Hedging Hornbeam Hedging Laurel Hedging Native Country Hedging Regina is a modern late-season sweet cherry, ripening in mid-to-late July. Some sweet cherry trees are self-pollinating, including: Benton Sweet Cherry, Blackgold Sweet Cherry, Lapins Sweet Cherry, Starkrimson Sweet Cherry, Stella Sweet Cherry, and Whitegold Sweet Cherry. Also select an area with well-drained soil. Chokecherry is not a good companion for a cherry planting. Plums are generally in season somewhere in the United States from the end of May all the way into October. A small vigorous tree with upright, spreading branches and rounded top. Michigan produces over 90,000 tons of Montmorency . If you want to read some of my most popular posts, check out the Best of GreenUpSide page here. Every time. The following varieties should pollinate this cherry tree. The pits must be crushed in order for the toxin to be released. When wondering if a Montmorency Cherry will work in your area it is important to check the hardiness zone you are in. Most sweet cherry varieties are self-unfruitful (self-incompatible, SI) and require cross pollination with another variety as the pollen source. The following varieties will pollinate this cherry tree. Montmorency Cherries contain potassium, fiber, and plenty of antioxidants that are great for anyones health. For. How long does it take for a grafted cherry tree to bear fruit? Distribution: The Montmorency cherry tree is slightly more cold-tolerant than its relatives and can grow in Hardiness zones 4-7 which do not include the most southern states. Here are some self-pollinating sweet cherry varieties from Stark Brothers: Remember that all of the sweet cherry varieties mentioned in the list above are self-pollinating. The flowers are still pollinated by honeybees, but they can produce fruit just from the pollen on the tree. Are morning glory seeds toxic to chickens? Between the evergreen bush and cherry is at least 20' long and probably . Enjoy! The Montmorency cherry is a variety of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus) grown in Europe, Canada, and the United States, particularly in the Grand Traverse Bay region of Northwest Michigan and in Door County, Wisconsin.Montmorency cherries are part of the lighter-red Amarelle cultivar of sour cherries, rather than the darker-red Morello cultivar. They are on the smaller side for cherry trees, growing up to 20 feet tall with a spread . Pollination of Montmorency cherry trees Your Montmorency cherry tree is in flowering group 4. These plants require cross-pollination for fruit set. Some varieties, e.g. learn more about the Benton Sweet Cherry from Stark Brothers. Cherry trees need much closer spacing, with 20 feet being the average ideal spacing. Montmorency Cherry Tree The Best Sour Cherry Standard on Mazzard rootstock. Bing, Lambert, Royal Ann/Napoleon, are also cross-unfruitful and cannot be depended upon to provide pollen for each other. 1. Stake the tree for the first two years of its life on a Colt rootstock. Montmorency Cherry trees are self-fertile which means they truly only need one in order to produce a crop of cherries that you can harvest. Montmorency requires 600 - 700 chill hours. I would like the Montmorency to be the pollen source for the sweet cherry (and ideally it goes both ways so my Montmorency has a higher yield). Fill with water and time how long it takes to soak away. Many people utilize the tart cherry juice from Montmorency cherries in baked goods as well as jams, preserves, and more to get the most out of the health benefits they offer. My dog walking neighbors are always trying to sneak a handful as they walk by. Tart cherries can pollinate a sweet cherry as long as they bloom at the same time. By planting more than one Montmorency Cherry you will be greeted by a significantly larger crop of cherries that you can use throughout all of your baked goods. If planted on Gisela 5 rootstock the tree will require staking for its life. A standard sweet cherry tree (Prunus avium) can grow up to 35 feet tall and 25 feet wide, according to the Arbor Day Foundation. Color, Leaves, Flowers, and Fruit: The Montmorency cherry tree produces white flowers. In the first summer after planting the tree, water well if conditions become dry. Pollination of Montmorency cherry trees. How high should the hole be in a birdhouse? However, Stella has been found to not work as a pollinator for Bing in some areas. These varieties must cross-pollinize with either a self-fertile sweet cherry or one belonging to a different pollen group. Are there any cherry trees that are self pollinating? A naturally dwarf tree, ideal for small spaces. Montmorency is a 'amarelle' type cherry which has a lighter skin color and yellow flesh. Grab your Montmorency Cherry tree today and start reaping all of the benefits they offer. Expert Response. There is good information about universal polinators, but it is hard to pinpoint varieties that bloom at the same time as Montmorency and thrive on the front range. If you purchase plums that are unripe, it is worth the small effort to allow plums to ripen before eating. North Star and Black Gold are late-season pollinators while Stella is an early-season variety. Alternatively, trees that seemed to be wild cherries may have been retained intentionally for pollination. Montmorency Cherries are one of the most widely grown tart cherry trees in the United States and are sold in a variety of ways throughout the country. "All sour cherries are self-fruitful, such as Montmorency, North Star, Balaton, Meteor, English Morello, Early Richmond, Hansen Bush Cherry and Nanking. Some varieties, e.g. Excited for more cherry content? It is self-fertile and does not need a pollination partner, but fruiting will usually be improved if there is a compatible partner of a different variety nearby. Are Moleskine notebooks made out of moleskin? Kordia is a large late-season true black cherry variety with a good balanced cherry flavour. The medium-large, bright red fruit has a firm yellow flesh; clear juice; and a rich, tart flavor that bakers and jam makers love. Plant in a sunny site with good air circulation; avoid planting near trees or buildings that shade. These cherries are also completely full of naturally occurring melatonin and are one of the few natural fruits that contain such high sources of melatonin. All sour cherry trees are self-pollinating, including: Balaton Pie Cherry, Early Richmond Sour Cherry, North Star Pie Cherry, Stark Montmorency Pie Cherry, and Stark Surecrop Pie Cherry. Prune young cherry trees during winter dormancy to shape them into an open center or central leader shape. I hope Im sending this email to the right place, or at least that it finds the right destination for an answer. If planted on Gisela 5 rootstock the tree will require staking for its life. Anthocyanins are found in red and purple fruits, including raspberries and blueberries, but cherries, especially tart cherries, contain higher levels. What kind of fruit does Montmorency cherry tree have? Who must do all the work to make sure product backlog items conform? The flowers are still pollinated by honeybees, but they can produce fruit just from the pollen on the tree. What is the best time to plant cherry tree? Of course, planting other cherry trees near these ones can increase the size of your harvest. Pollination of Stella cherry trees. How long does it take for a Montmorency cherry tree to grow? Prunus cerasus 'Montmorency'. The most common agents for pollination are insects, particularly bees. This tree is fully self-pollinating, so you'll have plenty of cherries even if you only grow a single tree. They will bear larger crops if a cherry of a different type is planted nearby. Many sweet cherry varieties cannot produce fruit from their own pollen and are considered self-unfruitful. You might also be interested in finding self-pollinating pear trees for your garden or perhaps self-pollinating plum trees. Cherry trees are among the most common fruit trees found in our orchards.. Key Cherry tree facts. Your Rainier cherry tree is in flowering group 2 and cherry group 4. Your Montmorency cherry tree is in flowering group 4. This heavy producer of excellent sour cherries is also highly prized for its medicinal properties. The Montmorency Cherry tree is very disease resistant, adding to the desirability to have this specific cherry tree. Bing, Lambert, Royal Ann/Napoleon, are also cross-unfruitful and cannot be depended upon to provide pollen for each other. What kind of soil does a Montmorency cherry need? From jams, preserves, cobblers, and more, Montmorency Cherries are a great option for your backyard. Early-bloom: SI Somerset; SF Lapins and Skeena. Enter a Melbet promo code and get a generous bonus, An Insight into Coupons and a Secret Bonus, Organic Hacks to Tweak Audio Recording for Videos Production, Bring Back Life to Your Graphic Images- Used Best Graphic Design Software, New Google Update and Future of Interstitial Ads. Apply a low-nitrogen fertilizer such as 5-10-10 in early spring, about a month before flowering. Stark Montmorency Pie Cherry tree is a cold hardy tree which can be grown into zone 4. Sign up for our newsletter. Your Montmorency cherry tree will be able to tolerate some drought, but its a good idea to water it regularly at least for the first growing season so that roots can become established. Most apples, pears, plums and sweet cherries are typical examples of this type of tree. :). self-pollinating pear trees for your garden. (11 Plants That Grow Quickly). Origin: France, 1850 Pollination: Montmorency is self-fertile and a pollinator is not necessary for producing a crop. The typical lifespan of a cherry tree is as short as 16 to 20 years. Your Montmorency cherry tree will be able to tolerate some drought, but its a good idea to water it regularly at least for the first growing season so that roots can become established. Because they bloom later than sweet cherries, Montmorency are more dependable fruit producers in cooler climates. The reason that Montmorency Cherry juice will help you sleep is that they are full of natural melatonin which is known to help you sleep. They contain a toxin which can be quite poisonous when the pits are crushed and eaten. Pears: In general, all pear varieties require other varieties of pears to pollinate. After your Montmorency Cherry tree begins to grow, you will likely need to stake it and add extra support to the base. Pollination Cherry pollination is somewhat complex. While Montmorency Cherries are not the top choice for a sweet cherry flavor, they are reliable and will consistently produce a heavy crop every single year. Out of stock. A Montmorency Cherry is a tart fruit that has a rich red color that adds a beautiful display every single spring. The best sweet cherry tree for pollinating a black tartarian is any sweet cherry with similar chilling unit requirements. It is also the most widely grown tart cherry for commercial uses, so chances are if you have ever had a product with tart cherries in it, youve had a Montmorency. We had the house painted last year and there's at least room for a ladder. Loamy to sandy soil is best and should drain well. You have helped me figure out what to plant and where. 4.5 - 5.5 m tall x 4.5 - 5.5 m wide (15 - 18 tall x 15 - 18 wide) Recommended Spacing Some varieties, e.g. Does Montmorency cherry tree need a pollinator? Find more gardening information on Gardening Know How: Keep up to date with all that's happening in and around the garden. The Montmorency Cherry tree is cold hardy and typically ripens earlier than most fruit trees early in the season. The overgrown tree is a actually Nanking Cherry that is over 20 years old. Your Montmorency cherry tree is in flowering group 4. Most fruiting pear trees require the presence of another different variety of pear for cross-pollination in order to set fruit; however, these pear trees are self-pollinating meaning they can grow and develop fruit without another compatible pear tree blooming nearby. Space sweet cherries 35 to 40 feet apart; dwarfs, 5 to 10 feet apart. Natural reproductive systems are often described using the birds and bees analogy. Some varieties, e.g. Cold-hardy. Sunburst is a large red mid-season cherry with a good sweet mild flavour, and notably easy to pick. about 18 Find out which items can been recycled and ideas for reusing and reducing your waste. Thenvisit our cherry pagefor more planting tips, growing guides, recipe ideas, and more! Montmorency Cherry. The following varieties will pollinate this cherry tree. Pollinating a cherry tree when you are unsure of thevariety canbe done with the Lambert or Garden Bing varieties in most cases. Prune annually in later years, in mid July. How tall and wide does a cherry tree get? Rainier is a white sweet cherry that does need a pollinator. $55.99. "All sour cherries are self-fruitful, such as Montmorency, North Star, Balaton, Meteor, English Morello, Early Richmond, Hansen Bush Cherry and Nanking. learn more about the Stella Sweet Cherry from Stark Brothers. Planting. Montmorency is an old variety of tart cherry, dating back hundreds of years in France. Find more gardening information on Gardening Know How: Keep up to date with all that's happening in and around the garden. Would you believe that the majority of Montmorency Cherries are grown in the United States on small family farms all over the country? learn more about the Blackgold Sweet Cherry from Stark Brothers. Here are some self-pollinating sour cherry varieties from Stark Brothers: Remember that all of the sour cherry varieties mentioned in the list above are self-pollinating. I hope you found this article helpful. Vigorous rootstock. MONTMORENCY CHERRY BENCHCARD Public Inventory Sweet Cherry Compatibility & Bloom Timing Chart, 2022 Generic Cosmic Crisp Waxing Protocol, WA 38 Greasiness Incidence in pre-commercialization Plantings, WA 38 Optimization of Light Interception, WA 38 First Commercial Season Storage & Packing Observations, Bacterial canker in Washington sweet cherries, Cooling Mechanisms for a Tree Fruit Orchard, Mecanismos de Enfriamiento para una Huerta de rboles Frutales, When and how to reduce doubling in sweet cherry, Management of Little Cherry & X-disease for Backyard Producers, Sam, Van, Montmorency*, Rainier, Stella, Compact Stella, Garden Bing, Sam, Van, Montmorency, Rainier, Stella, Compact Stella, Garden Bing, Sam, Van, Bing, Royal Ann, Lambert, Montmorency, Stella, Compact Stella, Garden Bing, Sam, Bing, Royal Ann, Lambert, Montmorency, Rainier, Stella, Compact Stella, Garden Bing, Oregon State University Extension has a downloadable, Orange Pippin Fruit Trees website has a. Maintenance of your cherry tree should include yearly pruning during the dormant season. Others are self-pollinating and will produce fruit by themselves. Self-pollination occurs when pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma on the same flower, from another flower on the same plant, or from a flower on another plant of the same variety. Plum trees require a cross pollinator, for they are not self fertile. Information on how to recycle your real Christmas tree. This tree is self-fertile, but planting two or more trees will ensure the best crop. If you send some pictures of the leaves (on a flat surface so they are in focus) I should be able to tell you if they are tart or sweet. But espalier is certainly worth learning about and even What Plants Grow Fast? to read some of my most popular posts, check out the Best of GreenUpSide page here. Herein, what are the benefits of Montmorency cherries? Fortunately, unlike the many sweet cherry tree varieties, Montmorency cherry trees are easy to pollinate. You can tell the difference between Montmorency (tart cherry) and Rainier (sweet cherry by the shape and size of the leaves, and the general shape of the tree. Most sweet cherries are self-unfruitful (self-incompatible, SI) and require cross pollination with another variety as the pollen source. Foliage - deciduous Flowering - April Harvest - May to July depending on the variety. Planting: The Rainier prefers full sun but will tolerate some shade - select a location that receives at least 6 to 8 hours of sunlight per day for best results. Bing, Lambert, Royal Ann/Napoleon, are also cross-unfruitful and cannot be depended upon to provide pollen for each other. Spring white flowers in clusters of 24 on long pedicels are borne on one year old wood as well as spurs. I also have a Montmorency Cherry tree that will get much larger, in the 15 - 20 tall and wide . The key link to Espalier Fruit Trees (Why To Do It & How To Get Started Today), link to What Plants Grow Fast? Montmorency ( Prunus cerasus ) is in flowering group 5 . Do cherry trees cross-pollinate? Montmorency cherries are used in a variety of ways in the kitchen, but its important to know that their flavor is often tart and tangy right off of the tree. Montmorency Cherries have such a unique and interesting name because of where they were first cultivated. The tree does best in full sun and while self-pollinating a pollinating partner can improve cherry production. These are sweet cherry leaves. The pollination table below is a partial guide to help select pollen source parents. Sour cherries WILL NOT pollinate sweet varieties. Originates from Montmorency Valley, France in the 13th century, introduced to the U.S. in 1852. Let's solve your gardening problems, spend more time growing, and get the best harvest every year! Hi, I'm Jon. Sour cherry trees will bear fruit 4 to 6 years after planting. How do you pick green beans so they keep growing? 80% of pie cherry trees grown in America and Canada are Montmorency! We suggest Black Republican, Sam, Bing, Schmidt, Cavalier, Stella, Gold, Van, Heidelfingen, Vega, Montmorency, Vista, Ranier and Windsor. 3 What is the best time to plant cherry tree? The most popular traditional English white cherry, widely known as Kent Bigarreau. Montmorency is self-fertile and does not need a pollinator. Commercially grown plums are picked before they are ripe and allowed to ripen after picking. Sweet Cherry. In addition to Stella cherries, Black Gold and North Star sweet cherries are self-pollinating. The beautiful, upright tree thrives in the Pacific Northwest, and all over the US. Self-pollinating. It is self-fertile and does not need a pollination partner, but fruiting will usually be improved if there is a compatible partner of a different variety nearby. I live in Muskegon, MI and 2 years ago I planted a sweet cherry tree on my yard. Join UsSign up for all the latest garden and orchard tips! So, one tree is sufficient to bear and produce cherry fruits. I use a spoon handle and just press down on the cherry and pull the stempit comes out easily. Purchase this sour cherry tree at Willis Orchards! Eating Montmorency Cherries is a great choice to add health-conscious food to your diet and easily accessible when you have one planted out your backdoor. The highly concentrated, sugary nectar of sweet cherry blossoms attracts honeybees, as does the protein-rich pollen. Self-fertile. Core Characteristics Wisconsin Native: No USDA Hardiness Zone: to zone 4 Mature Height: 12 feet Mature Spread: 10 feet Growth Rate: Moderate Growth Form: Tree Light Requirements: Full Sun An amazing aspect of Montmorency Cherry trees is how many options you have to use throughout your kitchen and cooking. You can tell the difference between Montmorency (tart cherry) and Rainier (sweet cherry by the shape and size of the leaves, and the general shape of the tree. A type of sweet cherry, the black cherry tree (Prunus serotina) produces fragrant white flowers in the spring. Van, Sam, Rainier, and Garden Bing are all adaptable to any of the cross pollinators available except themselves. Having more than one cherry tree will increase your harvest every summer, although it is not necessary. I tell them to pick what they want to eat or use, but arent allowed to throw them around. Sweet cherries grow in hardiness zones 5 to 7; they are self-sterile and best for an orchard or a large garden. Sweet cherries are more susceptible to fungal and bacterial diseases, especially on recently cut limbs, so it is best to prune them in the late summer. Tarts have much smaller leaves and tends have a more bushy tree with spindly branches than sweet cherries. Requiring a Pollinator trees that need to be pollinated by another variety of tree. Black cherry trees (Prunus serotina) live up to 250 years, although the average lifespan of a black cherry is 100 years. Black Cherry. How to Market Your Business with Webinars? Your Montmorency cherry tree is in flowering group 4 . The standard Bing cherry typically grows to a height of about 35 and a spread about 25 at maturity. No, they require compatible cherry trees in order to bear fruit, like Black Tartarian, Rainier, Lapin, and Van. There are several cultivars of sweet cherries that are self-fruitful. Pollination partners Montmorency cherry trees for sale 1-year maiden trees . Hi, Pollen Compatibility Table Fruiting variety Compatible Pollinizers Bing Sam, Van, Montmorency*, Rainier, Stella, Lambert Sam, Van, Montmorency, Rainier, Stella, Rainier Sam, Van, Bing, Royal Ann, Lambert, Mont Royal Ann Sam, Van, Montmorency, Rainier, Stella.

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