Also, Read: Local Government In Nigeria : Definition, Functions, And Importance. ICT services have help in the improvement of the markets, reduction in transaction costs and increase . five reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria Another factor that prompted the adoption of federalism in Nigeria is the fear of insecurity and the desire for union. Justice Udo Udoma is of the view that regionalism was introduced by the colonialists in order to divide and rule, and weaken true national unity in Nigeria. Federalism: Federal Features in the Colonial State." A chronology of critical events in Nigeria's political development from the adoption of a federal system in 1954 to the present is provided in Table 1. >> Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. To know more about various aspects of federalism in Nigeria ,you may read from . The first military head of state, General J.T.U Aguiyi Ironsi for instance was interested in a unitary Nigeria and he scrapped federalism. of diversities helps in a nations decision to adopt the aggregative or disaggregative type of federalism. It came about following the necessity for administrative convenience and managerial expenses. It has severally been emphasized by both the Northern and Western politicians that God did not create Nigeria but the British. The fear of ethnic groups overlapping regional boundaries and the loyalties of castes cutting of some extent across provincial political boundaries also encourage some groups to support wider federal unions. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. In recent times, specifically in post 2015 general election, there have been new waves of agitations for the Biafra republic by both Movement for Actualization of Sovereign State of Biafra and Indigenous People of Biafra on one hand and for Niger Delta republic by Niger Delta Avengers on the other, added to terrorism and militancy that are already threatening Nigeria fragile state. /F5 18 0 R We can offhandedly list all of the reasons for the adoption of federal system in Nigeria. Such an act has constituted to one of the major problems of federalism thereby militating against the development of the nation. five reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria explained. 3 Reasons for federal system of government in Nigeria 3.1 1. Also it is more useful to expansiate on them. Federalism as a system of government which is meant to help to advance good governance and development of a multi-ethnic and big country like Nigeria. } !1AQa"q2#BR$3br Very often, the problem has appeared in twofold. This paper explores the issue of unification federalism in Nigeria, which has been an obstacle to peace, development and threats to security .The findings from an extensive reading of related materials suggest that, the root of contemporary political conflict and underdevelopment in Nigeria political landscape shows clearly in the area of or this it really helped me, Your email address will not be published. Even the masses in the rural areas of the country are allowed to participate in politics by electing their representatives into office. The federal government however has occupied a very strong position vis--vis the State and Local government since the 1970's in Nigeria. INTRO: Federalism has been approached with variegated definitions such that one might argue that there are as much definitions of federalism as there are authors on the subject. The fear of marginalization by the minority in a unitary system of government has, to a great extent, influenced the majority state support for federating states. Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government. Your email address will not be published. Minority Marginalization 3.6 6. /Parent 2 0 R History of federal system of government in nigeria. ! Your email address will not be published. Thus, federalism is mostly considered a tangible element for coexistence, but much more, I think, as political syrup, for adumbrating potent dislocations inherent in, and symptomatic of pluralist societies. Rather there has been more challenges than benefits of this federal system. 74 . Again, in 1967 twelve states were created to appease the interest of those clamoring for states and weaken the geo-political holds of Biafra. But besides these three major tribes, there are over 350 other smaller tribes with diverse languages and dialects. Useful tips on how to download from YouTube using SS, 10 most delicious Nigerian dishes for dinner, "Youve admitted election was flawed", Atiku replies Tinubu campaign, Whitney Adeyemi: Protest Hits Lagos as Residents Besiege Chrisland School, Long Fulani tribal braids: 30 beautiful styles to try out, Old Naira notes: 5 key things to know about Supreme Court's final verdict, "Precious don finish work": Little girl with 'anointing' prays passionately over food as mum watches, video trends. To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. 2013 PP.100-107, This paper explores the issue of unification federalism in Nigeria, which has been an obstacle to peace, development and threats to security .The findings from an extensive reading of related materials suggest that, the root of contemporary political conflict and underdevelopment in Nigeria political landscape shows clearly in the area of imbalance political structures that were established before and after independence. Nigeria as a result was divided into three provinces. The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is publishing this proposed rule to revise HUD's regulations for branch office registration requirements. 6 0 obj This has nexus with the particular sharing formula adopted. The paper identifies and discusses the problems associated with separatist movements and how they affect national and social security, and argues that while the definition of state failure is contested and therefore Nigeria cannot yet be called a failed state, but certainly a fragile state. Policy Brief on the agitation for cessation of Biafra republic from the Nigerian state, response to the agitation and the options to address the issues. Your email address will not be published. REVENUE ALLOCATION IN NIGERIA: NEED FOR REFORM? A large body of literature exists on Nigeria's fiscal federalism particularly with reference to revenue allocation. Many Nigerian ethnic groups began to agitate for their own states. Also see: Differences between 1960 and 1963 constitution of Nigeria, reasons for federal system of government in nigeria. The current problems facing the Nigeria government and the Biafra separatist agitators originate in the causes and the effects of the Nigerian Civil war (06 July 1967-15 January 1970). 33 The Marriage Act, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 1990, sec 18 specifically stipulates: "If either party to an intended marriage, not being a Consent widower or widow, is under twenty-one years of age, the written consent of the father, or if he be dead or of unsound mind or absent from Nigeria, of the mother, or if both be dead or of unsound mind or absent from Nigeria, of the . /Width 371 However, it is also fact that since independence Nigeria has promulgated several constitutions and that if Nigeria wanted an alternative system of government, she could have opted for it. From the onset, Nigeria, like most of her federating peers, has faced one major challenge in the course of her political voyage - the crisis of who is who. Ordinarily and without much logicality, by who is who, one means the problematic and destructive component of identity. Since 1954 successively Nigerian constitution had adopted the federal system of government without much emphasis on the unity or disunity it has accorded to Nigeria. Brad Simpson (2014) The Biafran secession and the limits of self-determination, Journal of Genocide Research, 16:2-3, 337-354, WARN POLICY BRIEF THE NIGERIA STATE AND THE BIAFRA QUESTION: THREATS TO OR OPPORTUNITIES FOR NATIONAL COHESION, LAST TRAIN TO BIAFRA - Memories of a Biafran Child: A Personal Family Experience, Fiscal Federalism, Ethnic Minorities and the National Question in Nigeria: Revisiting the Case of the Niger Delta People, WARN POLICY BRIEF WARN POLICY BRIEF THE NIGERIA STATE AND THE BIAFRA QUESTION: THREATS TO OR OPPORTUNITIES FOR NATIONAL COHESION, Biafra Resurgence: State Failure, Insecurity and Separatist Agitations in Nigeria, Biafra Separatism: Causes, Consequences and Remedies, The Nigerian State and the Quest for Restructuring: Implications for Democratic Consolidation, THE DISINTEGRATION OF YUGOSLAVIA: A LESSON FOR NIGERIA, MASSOB AND IPOB SELF DETERMINATION AND THE NIGERIA STATE, Ndi Igbo, Leadership, Nationhood, the Nigerian Dilemma and Why We Are All Biafrans, Death of a nation - Biafra and the Nigerian question.pdf, Exploring the Dimensions of Secessionist Agitations: Security Threats and Implications for Nigeria 1966-2016, REVISITING THE NIGERIA-BIAFRA WAR: THE INTANGIBLES OF POST- WAR RECONCILIATION, The Ambiguity of Constitutional Silence on State Secession in Nigeria: Looking Beyond Politics of Compassion and Prejudice, West Africa Insight Secessionist Movement ENGLISH Version, Situation Analysis on Public Safety and Security Governorship Election in Anambra State, IGBOS, A PEOPLE THRIVING AMIDST ADVERSITY: WHO ARE THE IGBOS, Pro-Biafran Activists and the call for a Referendum: A Sentiment Analysis of 'Biafraexit' on Twitter after UK's vote to leave the European Union, NIGERIA: WHAT IS TO BE DONE? Promoters of the idea were of the view that the The post war efforts for disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of the Igbo secessionist into the post-civil war Nigeria through the (3Rs) policy of rehabilitation, reconstruction and reconciliation (the 3Rs) to promote national unity and nationalism have failed to yield desire result. If you answer to the above questions is no, then you lucky to be here. There must be a formal decision of government powers by the constitution between the federal and state government. In my view, federalism is a good system for Nigeria. endobj According to Ayoade (2009:iii): Nigerians have come to identify the first republic 1960- 66 as the golden age of federalism in Nigeria. I love this article,very educating and interesting Then Nigeria was organised into a federation that had three regions. So, what are the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? Unfortunately, to suit their interests and political agenda, the federal and state governments over time immemorial have maintained great level of . The Plural nature of Nigeria: Nigeria is a plural society of over 250 tongues and tribes. 2) The Problem of Minorities: In Nigeria, there are majority groups and minority groups. From the above explanation, one can rightly say that the constitution of Nigeria and United States of America are federal constitutions while the constitution of France and the Republic of Ireland are Unitary constitutions. And this is one of the factors responsible for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. Defence, Security, Economy and Development, Chigozirim Odinkalu, Ebenebe Ernest Onyeka, Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies (eJECS), International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences(IJRESS), Glocalism: Journal of Culture, Politics and Innovation, African Journal of Governance and Development, Calabar Journal of Politics and Administration. Thus, Nigeria's federalism is not only complex but also hard to understand. For citation see: http://www.cejiss.org/issue-detail/biafra-s-resurgence-state-failure-insecurity-and-separatist-agitations-in-nigeria. Federalism as a system of government has been approached with variegated definitions such that one might argue that there are much definitions of federalism as there are authors on the subject. Instead of designing a government that should unite the different elements in Nigeria, the colonialists fully adopted federal stem of government in 1954 and created greater regional autonomy. Manages And Maintains And Secures Nigeria. All rights reserved. Size and population of a country is among the determinants of the level of power and influence which a country commands. In this article, i will comprehensively discuss the reasons for federalism in Nigeria. In the case of Nigeria - how the oil money will be (in)judiciously dealt with. The possible reasons for the practice of federalism in Nigeria are several, and have, for instance, been presented as British imposition targeted at a post-colonial relationship, or as a. I have said that Nigeria is reputed to be the largest black country around, even Nigeria has claimed to be the giant of Africa by . INTERNAL COLONIALISM IN NIGERIA Some of the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria are the diversity of the nation and the desire for political, cultural and social identity of a people of over 250 ethnic groups, several languages, diversities and a lot of political traditions; the desire for some form of Resource control: 3.7 7. For a better explanation of the theory of federalism, I highly recommend that you watch the video below. To make mortgage industry standards more flexible and modernized, the proposed rule would remove the requirement that lenders and mortgagees register with HUD each branch office . Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. >> Journal of public administration and Management Vol.6,No.12, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. Problems facing the legal profession in Nigeria, History of the legal profession in Nigeria, Problems of Local Government in Nigeria And Solutions, 5 important Characteristic of customary law, Sources of Nigerian Law: everything you need to know. Another major reason why federalism was adopted in Nigeria is the multiple ethnic backgrounds in Nigeria. The contradictions generated by this rigional arrangement threatened Nigeria unity. x^[YsF~[-`pys)fk"%J hE;}LO *%gH=zoN/oNS~~zb|\U?_s3jJ}ZxhK2&$9|H-&9)q7"|kxN7i,anHiw>&_N~@bdkBs>gIM>z2|1zFDW+1"y-#HCQJmvj4CW5z,#IwHGc&Y"`Sg|2)FQ& p:?WT hQ4M:*|9tKy?c[U(zqfNBA=XCOf~2i6KC@;DGO? If the desire to remain separate does not exist, the the association will not be federal but unitary with some delegation of powers to local government. Political institutions, Kinship ties, Origin of towns and their cultural antecedents are enriched with similar history. By every political barometer, this is a thought-provoking account of the Nigeria-Biafra political imbroglio. You are already subscribed to our newsletter! examines the question on why federalism has not succeeded in managing and accommodating diversity in Nigeria. /Subtype /Image In the first place, therefore, the contemplation of a federal pact is one of an overwhelming outcome of the emphatic need to handle the above concerns acceptably. More so, the colonial masters with the Richards Constitution in 1947 launched Nigeria onto the path of the present federal system of government via the regionalization of the country. Also, Read: Bad Leadership Causes, Effects And Solutions In Nigeria. Given the size of Nigeria, it lays claims to being the Giant of Africa. Many nations in the international community recognizes her as such. This was a period when long efforts were made to identify the legal relationships between the Leagues and the City States (Mogi, 1931:21). /Filter /FlateDecode You can download the paper by clicking the button above. This research work x-rayed federalism in Nigeria as the only basis upon which Nigeria can remain united despite its diversity and peculiar conditions in which the different tribal groups live in and proffers solutions to the challenges of the practice of . /Height 235 All attempts to solve these problems over the years have failed. The Attorney General sought to know whether the 13% sharing formula of the oil producing states should include revenue from oil producing states should include revenue from oil production activities off shore. In a Unitary system, the minority states cannot govern the entire region which is controlled by majority. THE THEME OF IMAGERY AND SYMBOLISM IN THE IPOB SECESSIONIST STRUGGLE, Abdul's Assignment on 711 Dr. Usman Mohammed, A nation divided against itself: Biafra and the conflicting online protest discourses, Ethnicity, Political Exclusion and the Resurgence of Separatism in South-Eastern, Nigeria, Hands Behind their backs: Making a case for a region-centred restructuring framework, THE EFFECT OF CRIMINAL INJUSTICE AGAINST EASTERN NIGERIA AND THE DEMAND FOR SELF-DETERMINATION BY IPOB. READ ALSO: Reasons for political apathy in Nigeria, Get the hottest stories from the largest news site in Nigeria. Each state has the same level of self-governance. By way of conclusion, it is imperative to know that the reason why Nigeria is still practicing federalism today is because the system seems to be suitable for our political value and culture. In the same way, the political culture of the United States is civic, republican and participatory. Minority Issues and the Creation of State | Week 10. In some areas where major communal or other social antagonism cuts across territorial boundaries, ranging through all the federating units, communities or classes have been driven to seek to protect or strengthen their position by inter-territorial union. And even now we can see the population of Nigeria compared to other countries in Africa. However, that is not so in a federal government system. s" Nigeria did not choose federal system of government because it is the best or most practiced system of government in the world. << So majority if not all of them were in favor of a federalist system of governance. This is also one of the reasons for federal system of government in Nigeria. ff>qsfN? /Font << As a result, issues relating to marginalization, economic imbalance, social alienation, ethnic suspicion and superior-subordination contestation are recurring malaises in the system. The powers that exist between the federal and state government also depends on the constitution. Federalism is a type of government in which the sovereign authority of political power is usually divided between two units. sir Arthur Richards strengthened this proposal in 1945 and regionalism was introduced by his administration in 1946. This has led to a deep sense of alienation and politics of ethnic identity. Stated reasons of the coup were prevailing gangsterism and disorder, corruption and nepotism in the civil government. This particular corroborated federalism in Nigeria. stream This understanding is also in tune with that of Jinadu (1979:15), who insists that Federalism is usually viewed as a form of governmental and institutional structure, deliberately designed by political architects, to cope with the twin but difficult task of maintaining unity while also preserving diversity. It is no news, therefore, that the peoples of Nigeria are diverse in different respects culturally, historically, socially, religiously, educationally, industriously, and even philosophically. In Nigerian democracy, there is a federalist system of government. This feature of federalism is widely believed to be a veritable framework for even and need-sensitive development. Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government. It was under the 1954 constitution that federal system of government was fully adopted. In 1963 Midwestern region was created and Nigeria became a nation of four regions. This is why there is a clamoring for restructuring and true federalism in Nigeria. Over the years, it is quite obvious that Nigeria is one of the few countries that adopted federal system of Government in Africa, a system that envisages autonomy for every sect of its authorities (federal, state and local government respectively). << First, how to properly place peoples, better still - indigenes and ethnic groupings, in their relevant socio-economic categories; that is, in line with the oil windfalls. However, the practice of fiscal federalism in Nigeria is a negation of true federalism. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. (Tanzi, 1996). REASONS FOR LOW TRADE Historical reasons - India adopted socialist model of economy and policy of import substitution and protectionism till 1990s and civil wars and domestic instability in other countries Poor Connectivity- Due to difficult terrain on borders, poor development of inland waterways, poor border infrastructure like border huts . So for effective governance of a country of this big size, federalism has to be adopted. The paper suggested that fiscal and political restructuring as panacea for the instituted conflicts and underdevelopment caused by quasi federalism through ongoing review of the 1999 constitution. This marginalization is evinced by untold hardships such as poverty, lack of infrastructure for health care and education, and generally impaired wellbeing. 19 more states were created in 1976 in order to score more political advantage by the Murtala-Obasanjo regime against those that favor General Yakubu Gowon. 3. Dual federalism was dominant from the 1790s until the 1930s. The second theory focuses on the existence of external military or diplomatic threat for the origin of federalism. Problems of Nigerian Federalism 1) Revenue Allocation: This has been a problem in Nigeria. The constitution must be rigid to avoid frequent and unnecessary changes. Power Sharing Formula % +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ It allows for popular participation in politics at every level of government. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation Nigeria's founding fathers desired a federal political framework, believing that federal states have the structural capacity to accommodate diversity. In Nigeria, there are different and distinct ethnic groups brought together by colonization. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. You are welcome dear reader. In 1954, the Nigerian founding fathers opted for a federal system of government despite its inherent challenges in a pluralistic society. Federalism is a method of segregating powers so that the central and local governments are each within a domain, harmonizing and autonomous. +roiF9_? AK ku nh4P9\ }}31Ik "V mk@G~ . What a nice and educating document!We are grateful for this post. 2. And this is one of the factors responsible for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria pdf. Wheare who contends that it is a system where powers are shared between central and regional governments so that each is in a sphere cordinate and independent. Peter W I L F R E D Naankiel, FRED EKPE F. AYOKHAI, Covenant University Journal of Politics and International Affairs, African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, African Journal of Governance and Development, Calabar Journal of Politics and Administration, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Research, International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, Under Reconstruction: Ethnicity, Ethnic Nationalism, and the Future of the Nigerian State, Institutional Engineering and the Survival of Nigerian Federalism, " Managing a Plural Society : the Boomerang Effects of Nigerian Federalism' Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics , 27, 1-2 (July 1989), 218-245, An Historical Interrogation of Federalism berlin, THE PRACTICE OF TRUE FEDERALISM IN NIGERIA AND THE NIGER DELTA QUESTION, "The dawn of constitutionalism in Nigeria in Mbondenyi, M. K., and Ojienda T. To avert this domination, states unite to form a strong, virile and stable union capable of withstanding external attacks. Why do nations federate?, what are the factors or conditions to have necessitated the adoption of federalism?, how is a federation to be organized?, how is power to be shared between the levels of government in a federation?, is federalism a means to an end or an end itself?, why do some federations succeed and others fail?. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review (Nigerian Chapter), Abstract: The Nigeria civil war (1967-1970) provoked by declaration of Biafra republic had indelible imprint on Nigeria state. Best information base for latest information both national and international. Do you want to know the basis and the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? Mainly of telling who is who in a given society. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. Abacha regime, added more states making Nigeria a federation of 36 states and Federal capital Territory at Abuja. Under this type, there exist a balkanization of formerly unitary state near disintegration and its diversities which progress to a state. As a result of this, it has brought about the cry of the minorities clamoring for their own state. Matters, enumerated in the exclusive list are selected for the federal authority, while matters that fall within the concurrent list are selected for the federal government, and the regions. We hope to seeing you again on other posts of interest. by the federal or any state government. - Cooperative or "marble-cake" federalism is de ned as a exible relationship between the national and state government in which both work together on a variety of issues and programs. We appreciate you. Present Nigeria was formed by the amalgamation of two regions which many see as a big influence in why federalism was later adopted by the British and later on by Nigerian leaders as at the time of independence. Federalism was the only solution to ensure peace and unity amongst the leaders and the citizens and that was why federalism was adopted into the Nigerian political system. Therefore, the adoption of a federal political framework in Nigeria was a necessity as the system was the only viable option for a multi-ethnic country like Nigeria. Nigeria. Unity of the country: 3.3 3. ), Constitutionalism, Constitution Making and Constitutional Reform in Africa: Contemporary Perspectives from Sub-Saharan Africa, Chapter IX: The politics and policies of oil deregulation in Nigeria: Implications and policy suggestions. Nigeria, a previously unitary state, became a federation in 1954. Federalism was favoured among other systems of government in a bid to averting both fancied and real fear of domination among the minorities. Not minding the general relevance of these coinages, an arduous task lies in properly assessing their specific impacts in a given political enclave. 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Voter Turnout, Voting Behavior and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria By Professor Sakah Saidu Mahmud Kwara State University, Malete 1. /Resources << Roxy Horner biography: who is Jack Whitehalls girlfriend? /F2 9 0 R Multi-Ethnicity Nigeria is a country with a lot of ethnic groups. It will schock you to know Nigerias adoption of federalism was also in the interest of the leaders. The Babangida administration followed the same step and created 21 states and more local governments. Federalism was basically introduced to bring about peace and unity in the different regions of the country. and Democracy in Nigeria, ISSUES IN NIGERIAN FISCAL FEDERALISM; THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PRINCIPLE OF DERIVATION AND RESOURCE CONTROL. Nigeria is a plural society of over 250 tongues and tribes. It concluded that the interplay of these variables leads to the degeneration of the national question and. As one of the most effective frameworks for governing a pluralistic society, Nigeria adopted Federalism to manage her multi-ethnic state. Send the Following Details on WhatsApp ( 08143831497) After Payment. Hon. Federalism also in this manner, preserves cultures of the minorities from being drowned in the ocean of the cultures of the majorities. /F3 12 0 R Everybody would likely agree that the conscious awareness and awakening of the course of who is who invariably determines who gets what, perhaps when and how. In order to examine these issues, this paper adopted qualitative research and intrinsic approach methodology, along with relative deprivation theory.

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